Learning from the 1990s: Germany’s Evolving Security Posture

Despite steps toward military normalization, Germany remains a security recipient—de facto still reliant on American forces stationed on its territory. This enduring dependence complicates its aspirations for strategic autonomy and limits its ability to fully transition into a leadership role in global security. Historically, Germany emphasized a strictly civilian and normative foreign policy approach. The shift toward military engagement—symbolized by the Kosovo

intervention and later reaffirmed by the Zeitenwende—marks a significant but still contested reorientation.

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